Introduction:
Sawed-Off Shotguns Have Long Been The Focus Of Debate And Stringent Laws. Due To The Risks They Bring To Public Safety, These Weapons—Which Are Renowned For Their Small Size And Devastating Power—Are Prohibited In Many Locations. This Article Examines The Legal Restrictions On Sawed-Off Shotguns, Their Justifications, And The Possible Repercussions Of Possessing One.
1. What Is A Sawed-Off Shotgun?
Definition And Qualities:
A Shotgun With A Barrel That Has Been Cut Shorter—Usually To Less Than Eighteen Inches—Is Known As A Sawed-Off Shotgun. Because Of This Change, The Handgun Is Much Shorter Overall, Which Makes It More Manageable And Concealable In Confined Spaces. The Weapon Is More Lethal Up Close Because Of The Shorter Barrel, Which Also Widens The Shot.
Sawed-Off Shotgun Types:
While Sawed-Off Shotguns Come In A Variety Of Sizes And Designs, They Are All United By A Shorter Barrel. Some Might Have Further Shrunk In Size By Cutting Their Stocks Shorter.
2. Why Is It Illegal To Own Sawed-Off Shotguns?
Enhanced Danger And Lethality:
Sawed-Off Shotguns Are Prohibited Primarily Due To Their Greater Lethality. The Shot Is More Likely To Hit A Target Up Close Because Of The Reduced Barrel’s Increased Spread. Because Of This, The Weapon Becomes Even More Dangerous When Used In Close Quarters, Like In A Home Invasion Or Other Criminal Activity.
Concealment Ease:
The Ease With Which They Can Be Hidden Is Another Factor Contributing To Their Illegality. A Sawed-Off Shotgun Is A Desirable Weapon For Criminal Actions Where Subtlety Is Required Because It Is Easy To Conceal Under A Coat Or In A Car.
Inaccuracy:
The Weapon Is More Lethal Up Close Because To The Wider Shot Spread, But Accuracy Decreases As Distance Increases. Sawed-Off Shotguns Can Be Especially Dangerous In Public Places Because Accidental Targets May Be Struck Due To Their Lack Of Accuracy.
3. Sawed-Off Shotguns’ Legal Standing In The US:
Federal Statutes:
Sawed-Off Shotguns Are Subject To Regulations In The US Under The 1934 National Firearms Act (NFA). The NFA Defines A Shotgun As A Short-Barreled Shotgun (SBS) And States That Any Shotgun With A Barrel Length Of Less Than 18 Inches Or An Overall Length Of Less Than 26 Inches Is Subject To Tight Regulations. To Obtain A Sawed-Off Shotgun, One Must Pay A Tax Stamp And Register The Weapon With The Bureau Of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms And Explosives (ATF). Still, A Number Of States Have Extra Laws That Essentially Forbid Owning Sawed-Off Shotguns.
State Legislation:
Regarding Sawed-Off Shotguns, State Regulations Differ Greatly. Sawed-Off Shotguns Are Illegal In Some States (Like California And New York), But They May Be Legal In Others If Registered Properly And In Accordance With Federal Law. To Prevent Legal Problems, Gun Owners Must Be Aware Of State And Federal Regulations Pertaining To Sawed-Off Shotguns.
Foreign Legal Systems:
Many Nations Outside Of The US Have Even More Stringent Laws Regarding Sawed-Off Shotguns. For Instance, It Is Against The Law To Own A Sawed-Off Shotgun In Canada Unless The Weapon Was Made With A Short Barrel From The Beginning. Sawed-Off Shotguns Are Forbidden Weapons In The United Kingdom, And Possessing One Is A Major Criminal Violation.
4. Penalties For Illegal Sawed-Off Shotgun Possession:
Penalties At The Federal Level:
In The US, Having An Unlicensed Sawed-Off Shotgun Carries Serious Federal Penalties, Which Can Include Fines Of Up To $10,000 And Ten Years In Jail. The Person May Also Lose Their Future Ability To Possess Weapons, And The Handgun Will Be Seized.
State Penalties:
State Laws Pertaining To The Possession Of Illicit Sawed-Off Shotguns Can Differ, But They Frequently Entail Hefty Fines And Protracted Jail Terms. In Several States, Merely Having A Sawed-Off Shotgun In Your Possession Is A Felony Charge With Harsh Penalties.
Implications Of Non-Compliance:
A Person May Face Legal Repercussions Even If They Own A Sawed-Off Shotgun In Accordance With Federal Law If They Disregard State Rules. Ensuring Compliance With All Applicable State And Federal Laws Is Crucial.
5. Shotguns Other Than Sawed-Off:
Lawful Shotguns With Short Barrels:
There Are Legal Methods Available For People Who Want The Advantages Of A Short-Barreled Shotgun Without The Associated Legal Hazards. Under The NFA, Shotguns Made With Barrels Shorter Than Eighteen Inches May Be Lawfully Owned And Registered. These Weapons Provide Comparable Benefits Without Requiring Unauthorized Modifications.
Additional Compact Handguns:
Handguns And Several Types Of Rifles Are Also Legal Options For Anyone Looking For A Small, Strong Firearm For Self-Defense. These Weapons Can Provide The Convenience And Portability Of Sawed-Off Shotguns Without The Related Legal Issues.
6. Sawed-Off Shotguns’ Place In Popular Culture:
Media Representation:
Sawed-Off Shotguns Are Frequently Portrayed As Strong, Menacing Weapons In Motion Pictures, TV Series, And Video Games. Their Popularity And Attraction Have Increased As A Result Of This Representation, Especially When It Comes To Illegal Activity. It’s Important To Understand, Though, That These Depictions Are Frequently Overdone And Do Not Fairly Represent The Risks And Legal Ramifications Associated With Actually Possessing Such A Weapon.
Effect On Public Views:
Popular Culture’s Numerous Depictions Of Sawed-Off Shotguns Have Influenced Public Opinion, Occasionally Glamorizing Their Use. This May Give Rise To False Beliefs Regarding Their Safety And Legality, Especially In The Case Of Younger Audiences.
7. How To Keep Up With Gun Laws And Be Compliant:
Education And Research:
It Should Be A Top Priority For Gun Owners To Keep Up With Local Regulations Regarding Weapons. This Includes Being Aware Of The Particular Laws Pertaining To Shotguns That Have Been Sawed Off And Other Prohibited Weapons. Ensuring Compliance With All Applicable Laws Can Be Facilitated By Regularly Examining Legal Information, Participating In Educational Programs, And Interacting With Legal Experts.
Conscientious Gun Ownership:
Responsible Gun Ownership Goes Beyond Only Following The Law; It Also Entails Being Aware Of The Obligations And Dangers That Come With Gun Ownership. This Entails Using, Handling, And Storing Guns Properly As Well As Being Aware Of The Possible Repercussions Of Possessing Prohibited Or Unlawful Weapons.
A Sawed-Off Shotgun (Also Called A Scattergun, Sawn-Off Shotgun, Short-Barrelled Shotgun, Shorty, Or Boom Stick) Is A Type Of Shotgun With A Shorter Gun Barrel—Typically Under 18 Inches (46 Cm)—And Often A Pistol Grip Instead Of A Longer Shoulder Stock. Despite The Colloquial Term, Barrels Do Not, Strictly Speaking, Have To Be Shortened With A Saw. Barrels Can Be Manufactured At Shorter Lengths As An Alternative To Traditional, Longer Barrels. This Makes Them Easier To Transport And Conceal Due To Their Smaller Profile And Lighter Weight. The Design Also Makes The Weapon More Portable When Maneuvering In Confined Spaces And For That Reason Law Enforcement And Military Personnel Find It Useful In Close-Quarters Combat Scenarios. As A Result Of The Shorter Barrel Length, Any Shotgun With A Tubular Magazine Will Have A Reduction In Its Magazine Capacity.
In The 1930s, The United States, United Kingdom And Canada Mandated That A Permit Be Required To Own These Firearms. They Are Subject To Legal Restrictions Depending Upon Jurisdiction. They Are Used By Military Forces And Police Agencies Worldwide.
Description:
Compared To A Standard Shotgun, The Sawn-Off Shotgun Has A Shorter Effective Range, Due To A Lower Muzzle Velocity; However, Its Reduced Length Makes It Easier To Maneuver And Conceal. Powerful And Compact, The Weapon Is Especially Suitable For Use In Small Spaces, Such As Close-Quarters Combat In A Military Context. Military Vehicle Crews Use Short-Barrelled Combat Shotguns As Ancillary Weapons. In Urban Combat Zones, Military Entry Teams Often Use Entry Shotguns When Breaching And Entering Doorways.
Many Jurisdictions Have A Minimum Legal Length For Shotgun Barrels To Make These More Concealable Shotguns Unavailable For Criminal Purposes. Many Gun Makers In The U.S. Have Not Offered Sawn-Off Shotguns To The Public Since 1934, When Shotguns With Barrel Lengths Of Under 18 Inches Were Restricted, Although They Had Previously Been Sold. To Abide By NFA Regulations, Anyone May Complete A Form 1 “Making” Form, And Purchase And Have Approved The US$200 Tax Stamp For The Shotgun In Question, In Order To Legally Reduce Its Barrel Length To Less Than 18 Inches By Cutting The Barrel Or Replacing It With A Shorter One.
A Sawn-Off Shotgun Is Often An Unofficial Modification Of A Standard Shotgun. In Countries Where Handguns Are More Costly Or Difficult To Obtain, Criminals Can Convert Legally Purchased Or Stolen Shotguns Into Concealable Weapons.
The Term Is Often Applied To Illegal Weapons That Are Created By Cutting Off The Barrel Of A Standard Shotgun. The Barrel Of A Shotgun Without A Tube Magazine Can Be Cut To Any Length; Pump-Action Or Semi-Automatic Shotguns Usually Have A Tube Magazine Attached To The Underside Of The Barrel Which Limits The Practical Minimum Barrel Length To About The Length Of The Magazine Tube, Unless It Also Is Modified, Technically Much More Challenging Than Shortening The Barrel. Repeating-Fire Shotguns With Box Magazines Do Not Lose Shell Capacity When Sawn Off, But They Are Far Less Common Than Those With Tubular Magazines. Shotguns Manufactured With Barrels Under The Legal Minimum Length Frequently Fall Into Special Categories.
Legal Restrictions:
Many Nations Have Placed Legal Restrictions On Sawn-Off Shotguns. The Following Are The Restrictions For Specific Nations. Although Not Listed Here, They Are Also Subject To Laws Governing Guns In General.
Australia:
In The State Of Victoria A Shotgun May Not Have Its Barrel Shortened So As To Change The Category Under Which That Shotgun Would Be Classified. In Some States, Any Alteration To The Length Of The Barrel Requires Permission From The Chief Commissioner Of Police.
Canada:
Short-Barrelled, Manually Operated Shotguns (Non-Semi-Automatics) Are Non-Restricted As Long As The Barrel Remains Unmodified From The Original Factory Length. There Is No Legal Minimum For Shotgun Barrels As Long As They Are Not Handguns; Shotguns With Barrels As Short As 8.5 Inches Are Available In Canada.
The Act Of Reducing The Length Of The Barrel Of A Shotgun To Less Than 457Â Mm (18 Inches) By Sawing, Cutting, Or “Otherwise”, By Anyone Other Than A Recognized Gun Manufacturer, Is Prohibited.
Czech Republic:
Short-Barrelled Shotguns Are Universally Category B Weapons And Therefore Require A Shall-Issue Permit And Gun License (Zbrojnà Průkaz), Including The Self Defense Category.
Germany:
In Germany, The Possession Of A Sawn-Off Shotgun Is Legal With A Firearms License (Waffenbesitzkarte), Just Like Any Other Firearm. Restrictions Only Apply To Pump-Action Shotguns, Which Require A Minimum Barrel Length Of 45Â Cm And A Minimum Overall Length Of 90Â Cm To Be Legal. Other Shotguns May Be Of Any Length. If The Barrel Length Is Less Than 30Â Cm Or The Overall Length Is Less Than 60Â Cm, The Firearm Is Considered A Handgun, And Treated Accordingly Under The Law.
Ireland:
Shortening The Barrel Of A Shotgun Or Rifle Results In A Presumptive Five-Year Minimum Sentence Of Imprisonment Upon Conviction For A First Offence, And A Mandatory Five-Year Sentence For Second Or Subsequent Offences.
Russia:
On 13 December 1996, President Of The Russian Federation B. N. Yeltsin Signed The Federal Law No. 150, Which Entered Into Force On 1 July 1997. In Accordance With This Law, Possession Of Any Firearm With A Barrel Length Of Less Than 500 Mm And An Overall Length Of Less Than 800 Mm (Incl. Sawn-Off Rifles And Sawn-Off Shotguns) Was Prohibited. As A Result, Since 1 July 1997, Sawn-Off Shotguns And Sawn-Off Rifles Were Banned On The Territory Of The Russian Federation And They Had To Be Handed Over To Government Law Enforcement Agencies For Destruction.
United Kingdom:
Within The United Kingdom, Side By Side, Over-Under, Bolt-Action And Lever-Action Shotguns Are Required To Conform To The Specification Of A 24-Inch Minimum Barrel Length If Held On A Shotgun Certificate. If Held On A Firearms Certificate, The Applicant Having Demonstrated ‘Good Reason’ For Possession, They Must Comply With The Standard Configuration Of 12-Inch Minimum Barrel Length, 24-Inch Minimum Overall Length, In Common With Other Section 1 Firearms.
Shotguns Held On A Shotgun Certificate Must Either Have No Magazine, Or A Non-Removable Magazine Capable Of Holding No More Than Two Rounds. Shotguns Held On Firearms Certificates Are Not Subject To Any Magazine Restrictions.
Semi-Automatic And Pump-Action Shotguns, Whether Held On Shotgun Or Firearms Certificates, Are Always Required To Comply With The Specification Of 24-Inch Minimum Barrel Length, 40-Inch Minimum Overall Length.
Muzzleloading Firearms Held On Firearms Certificates Are Exempt From Any Restrictions On Barrel And Overall Length. A Smoothbore Muzzleloader Held On A Shotgun Certificate Would Be Subject To The Standard 24-Inch Minimum Barrel Length Specification.
USSR:
Changing The Length Of The Barrel Of A Firearm Was Not Prohibited. It Was Possible To Buy, Sell Or Own Old Smooth-Bore Hunting Shotguns With Already Shortened Barrels (If The Barrel Length Is At Least 500 Mm). Owners Were Allowed To Shorten The Buttstock Or Barrel Of Their Hunting Shotgun Or Rifle If They Do It In A Gun Workshop. It Was Allowed To Re-Equip Shotguns With Pistol Grip And Detachable Buttstock. Firearms With A Barrel Length Of Less Than 500 Mm Were Illegal And Had To Be Confiscated.
United States:
Under The National Firearms Act (NFA), It Is Illegal For A Private Citizen To Possess A Sawn-Off Modern Smokeless Powder Shotgun (A Shotgun With A Barrel Length Shorter Than 18 Inches (46 Cm) Or A Minimum Overall Length Of The Weapon, Total, Including The 18-Inch Minimum Barrel, Of Under 26 Inches (66 Cm)) (Under U.S.C. Title II), Without A Tax-Paid Registration From The Bureau Of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms And Explosives, Requiring A Background Check And Either A $200 Or $5 Tax For Every Transfer, Depending Upon The Specific Manufacturing Circumstances Of The Particular Sawn-Off Modern Shotgun Being Transferred. Gun Trusts Have Become An Increasingly Popular Means Of Registering Sbss With The BATFE. Short-Barrelled Muzzleloading Blackpowder Shotguns Are Not Illegal Under Federal Law, And Require No Tax-Stamped Permit, Although They May Be Illegal Under State Law. As With All NFA Regulated Firearms, A New Tax Stamp Must Be Purchased Before Every Transfer. Inter-State Transfers Must Be Facilitated Through A Federal Firearms Licensee (FFL) While Intrastate Transfers May Be Between Two Persons.
In The US, Shotguns Originally Manufactured Without Shoulder Stocks (And Thus Not Legally Shotguns), With A Total Length Under 26 Inches, Are Classified As An “Any Other Weapon” By The BATFE And Have A $5 Transfer Tax, If They Are Manufactured By A Maker Possessing The Appropriate Class 2 Special Occupational Taxpayer Federal Firearms License. In Order To Convert An Existing Shoulder-Stocked Shotgun To A Short-Barrelled Shotgun Or An Existing Pistol-Grip-Only Shotgun To An “Any Other Weapon”, A Private Citizen Must Pay The Standard $200 NFA Tax.
Police And Military Use:
Historical Military Use Of Sawn-Off Shotguns Includes Use As A Primary Weapon For Confederate Cavalry During The American Civil War. These Muzzle-Loaded Weapons Were Used Primarily For Close-Range Combat And To Supplement The Availability Of More Traditional Short-Range Weapons Such As The Saber Or Carbine. The Availability Of The Source Weapons And The Ability To Use A Single Ball, Shot, Or A Mix Of Both As The Situation Required Were Reasons Why They Were Initially Desired By Those Establishing Confederate Cavalry Units. They Were Replaced Over Time As More Conventional Arms Became Available And As The Tactical Use Of Cavalry Shifted Towards Use As Mounted Infantry.
In Modern Usage, Minimum Length And Barrel Length Restrictions Only Apply To Civilian Use; Military And Police Departments May Issue Short-Barrelled Shotguns, And Major Manufacturers Offer Special Models With Barrels In The Range Of 10 To 14 Inches (25 To 36 Cm) As Riot Shotguns Or Combat Shotguns For Use In Areas With Restricted Space. These Are Generally Referred To As “Entry Shotguns”, Because They Are Often Used For Forcing Entry Into Buildings, Where The Short Easy Handling Is More Important Than The Increased Ammunition Capacity Of A Longer Shotgun. Breaching Rounds Provide Another Use For Very Short Shotguns. These Rounds Are Usually Made Of Sintered Powdered Metal, But A Normal Buckshot Or Bird Shot Round Will Also Work. A Shotgun Is Used For Breaching By Placing The Gun Next To A Door Lock (0 To 2 Inches Away, 0 To 5 Cm), And Firing At A 45 Degrees Downward Angle Through The Door Between The Lock Or Latch And The Door Frame. The Impact Of The Projectile(S) Opens A Hole Through The Door, Removing The Latch Or Locking Bolt. When Through The Door, The Shot Or Sintered Metal Disperses Quickly, And Because It Was Aimed Downwards, The Risk Of Harming Occupants On The Other Side Of The Breached Door Is Minimized. Breaching Guns Used By Police And The Military May Have Barrels As Short As 10 Inches (25 Cm), And They Often Have Only A Pistol Grip Rather Than A Full Butt Stock. Some Models Use A Special Cup-Like Muzzle Extension To Further Minimize The Risk Of Debris Injuring The Shooter. Because Few Rounds Are Fired, Any Sporting Shotgun With A 3-Round Capacity Could Be Shortened And Used As A Capable Breaching Shotgun.
Barrel Length And Shot Spread:
It Is A Common Misconception That Shortening The Length Of A Shotgun Barrel Itself Significantly Affects The Pattern Or Spread Of The Pellets; This Only Becomes True When The Barrel Is Reduced To Less Than 50% Of A Typical Length. A Standard-Length Barrel (E.G. 30 Inches [76 Cm]) Is This Long To Move The Center Of Gravity Of The Firearm Away From The Body And Give It An Ergonomic Heft, And In Order For The Barrel To Extend Out Into The Shooter’s Field Of Vision Right Up To The Target, As Well As To Make The Weapon Safer, As It Is Difficult To Inadvertently Point A Long Gun At One’s Own Body. The Pattern Is Primarily Affected By The Type Of Cartridge Fired And The Choke, Or Constriction Normally Found At The Muzzle Of A Shotgun Barrel.
The Primary Reason That The Pattern Is Altered Is Because Cutting Off The End Of The Barrel Removes The Choke, Which Generally Only Extends About Two Inches (5.1 Cm) Inward From The Muzzle. This Results In A Cylinder Bore, Which Causes The Widest Spread Generally Found In Shotgun Barrels (See Choke For More Information On The Impact Of Chokes, Shotgun Shell For Information On Spreader Loads, And Details On Shot Patterning For Other Relevant Information). However, Many Qualified Gunsmiths Can Re-Tap And Reinstall The Choke In The Shortened Barrel.
Civilian Use:
A Sawn-Off Shotgun With Exposed, Manually Cocked Hammers And Dual Triggers Is Known As A Lupara (“Wolf-Shot”) In Italy And, While Associated With Organized Crime, Was Originally Used By Sicilian Farmers And Shepherds To Protect Their Vineyards And Flocks Of Animals. In Rural Areas Of North India, Where It Is Seen As A Weapon Of Authority And Prestige, It Is Known As A Dunali, Literally Meaning “Two Pipes”. It Is Especially Common In Bihar, Purvanchal, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana And Punjab.
The Light Weight Of Short-Barrelled Shotguns, Particularly In Configurations That Lack Substantial Stocks, Leads Some Users To Use Short “Minishells” With Lower Shot And Powder Loading For Comfortable Casual Use.
Criminal Use:
In The United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, And New Zealand, Where Handguns Are Not Easily Obtainable, The Sawn-Off Shotgun Was A Common Weapon In Armed Robberies During And Shortly After The 1960s, And It Is This Use That Most People Associate With The Weapon That Is Used In Such A Way To Rob A Bank.
The American Bank Robber Clyde Barrow Modified His Browning A-5 Shotgun By Cutting The Barrel Down To The Same Length As The Magazine Tube, And Shortening The Stock By 5 To 6 Inches (125 To 150 Mm) To Make It More Concealable. A Small, 10–12-Inch (250–300 Mm) Strap Was Attached To Both Ends Of The Butt Of The Gun, And Was Looped Around His Shoulder, Concealing The Gun Between His Arm And Chest Under His Jacket In The Manner Of A Shoulder Holster. The Gun Was Drawn Up Quickly And Fired From The Shoulder Under Which It Was Carried. Barrow Dubbed It The “Whippit”, As He Was Able To “Whip It” Out Easily.
Randy Weaver, A Central Actor In The 1992 Ruby Ridge Standoff, Agreed To Sell Two Sawed-Off Shotguns To An Undercover ATF Agent In 1989.
Eric Harris And Dylan Klebold, The Perpetrators Of The Columbine High School Massacre, Had Sawn Off Their Savage Arms 67H Pump Action Shotgun And Stevens 311D Double Barrel Shotgun In The Months Prior To Conceal It Under Their Duster Coats On The Day Of The Massacre.
Derived Uses:
Familiarity With Descriptions And Images Of Sawed-Off Shotguns Via Crime Reports In The Public Media Has Led To “Sawed-Off” Or “Sawn-Off” Being Used Sometimes Colloquially As “Small Or Stripped Version Of”; Such As The Sawn-Off Daimler (SOD).
Summary:
Because Of Its Greater Lethality, Ease Of Concealment, And Risks To Public Safety, Sawed-Off Shotguns Are Prohibited In Many Countries. Even While Sawed-Off Shotguns Are Represented In Popular Culture As Strong And Useful Weapons, The Possible Legal Ramifications And Hazards Of Owning One Much Exceed Any Apparent Advantages. It Is Possible To Ensure Responsible And Compliance Gun Ownership By Being Aware Of The Rules Pertaining To Sawed-Off Shotguns And Looking Into Lawful Alternatives.